Molecular and Cellular Biology Molecular and Cellular Biology
33%
- 1.1Chemical composition of organisms
- 1.2Simple chemical reactions and bonds
- 1.3Properties of water
- 1.4Chemical structure of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
- 1.5Origin of life
- 1.6Cells
Structure and function of cell organelles; Properties of cell membranes; Comparison of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
- 1.7Enzymes
Enzyme-substrate complex; Roles of coenzymes; Inorganic cofactors; Inhibition and regulation
- 1.8Energy transformations
Glycolysis, cellular respiration, aerobic and anaerobic pathways; Photosynthesis
- 1.9Cell division
Structure of chromosomes; Mitosis, meiosis, and cytokinesis in plants and animals
- 1.10Chemical nature of the gene
Watson-Crick model of nucleic acids; DNA replication; Mutations; Control of protein synthesis: transcription, translation, and post-transcriptional processing; Structural and regulatory genes; Transformation; Viruses
Organismal Biology Organismal Biology
34%
- 2.1Structure and function in plants with emphasis on angiosperms
Root, stem, leaf, flower, seed, and fruit; Water and mineral absorption and transport; Food translocation and storage; Plant reproduction and development; Alternation of generations in ferns, conifers, and flowering plants; Gamete formation and fertilization; Growth and development: hormonal control; Tropisms and photoperiodicity
- 2.2Structure and function in animals with emphasis on vertebrates
Major systems (e.g., digestive, gas exchange, skeletal, nervous, circulatory, excretory, and immune); Homeostatic mechanisms; Hormonal control in homeostasis and reproduction; Animal reproduction and development; Gamete formation and fertilization; Cleavage, gastrulation, germ layer formation, and differentiation of organ systems; Experimental analysis of vertebrate development; Extraembryonic membranes of vertebrates; Formation and function of the mammalian placenta; Blood circulation in the human embryo
- 2.3Principles of heredity
Mendelian inheritance (dominance, segregation, independent assortment); Chromosomal basis of inheritance; Linkage, including sex-linked; Polygenic inheritance (height, skin color, etc.); Multiple alleles (human blood groups)
Population Biology Population Biology
33%
- 3.1Principles of ecology
Energy flow and productivity in ecosystems; Biogeochemical cycles; Population growth and regulation (natality, mortality, competition, migration, density, r- and K-selection); Community structure, growth, and regulation (major biomes and succession); Habitat (biotic and abiotic factors); Concept of niche; Island biogeography
- 3.2Principles of evolution
History of evolutionary concepts; Concepts of natural selection (differential reproduction, mutation, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, speciation, and punctuated equilibrium); Adaptive radiation; Major features of plant and animal evolution; Concepts of homology and analogy; Convergence, extinction, balanced polymorphism, and genetic drift
- 3.3Classification of living organisms
- 3.4Evolutionary history of humans
- 3.5Principles of behavior
Stereotyped and learned social behavior; Societies (insects, birds, and primates); Social biology
- 3.6Human population growth
Age composition, birth and fertility rates, and theory of demographic transition
- 3.7Human intervention in the natural world
Management of resources, and environmental pollution; Biomedical progress (control of human reproduction, and genetic engineering)